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Abstract : Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease affecting approximately 10% of women of reproductive age and represents one of the leading causes of chronic pelvic pain and infertility worldwide. Despite its high prevalence, diagnosis is frequently delayed, and treatment outcomes remain suboptimal in a substantial proportion of patients. Conventional management strategies, including surgery and standard hormonal therapies, are often associated with symptom recurrence, adverse effects, and limited long-term efficacy. Advances in molecular biology and immunology have significantly improved the understanding of endometriosis pathophysiology, revealing its complex inflammatory, immunological, and neurogenic background. This growing knowledge has led to the development of targeted therapeutic approaches aimed at specific molecular and hormonal pathways involved in disease progression. Among these, oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists represent a major therapeutic breakthrough, offering effective symptom control with improved safety and tolerability compared with traditional treatment options. This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding endometriosis pathogenesis and contemporary management strategies, with particular emphasis on oral GnRH antagonists. Mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, safety considerations, fertility implications, and future therapeutic perspectives are discussed in the context of available evidence and current clinical practice.

Abstract : The rising rate of cesarean section represents a major challenge in contemporary obstetrics. Consequently, an increasing number of women enter subsequent pregnancies with a uterine scar and face decisions regarding the optimal mode of delivery. Vaginal birth after cesarean section (VBAC) has emerged as an important alternative to elective repeat cesarean delivery in appropriately selected patients. The aim of this review is to summarize current evidence regarding VBAC, with particular emphasis on epidemiology, assessment of the uterine scar, eligibility criteria, maternal and neonatal outcomes, and key aspects of clinical management. A narrative review of the literature was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The analysis primarily included studies published within the last five years to reflect current evidence and clinical practice. Earlier landmark publications and international guidelines were included when relevant. Recommendations issued by the World Health Organization, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics were also reviewed. Available evidence suggests that VBAC is a safe and effective option in carefully selected women, with reported success rates of approximately 70–80%. When appropriate eligibility criteria are applied and adequate intrapartum monitoring is ensured, the risk of uterine rupture remains low. VBAC represents an important strategy for reducing repeat cesarean deliveries and their associated complications. Individualized assessment, informed patient counseling, and adherence to evidence-based guidelines are essential to achieve optimal maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Abstract : Healthcare workers are critical in improving and maintaining public health, yet they face significant occupational challenges that can compromise their well-being. Workplace stress, burnout, and mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and stress are prevalent among healthcare professionals, with far-reaching implications for their personal health, professional performance, and patient outcomes. This study aims to assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety and stress among healthcare workers in Al-Baha government hospitals. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 142 healthcare workers at Al Baha city from August to September 2023. Participants were enrolled using a convenient sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured electronic survey based on the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21. Descriptive statistics and inferential analysis were applied and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Among 142 participated healthcare workers participated, with nurses (23.9%) and physicians (16.9%) constituting the largest professional groups. High prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress were found with 67.6%, 73.9%, and 54.2% of participants affected respectively. Factors such as age, marital status, job category, years of experience, and working hours significantly influenced mental health outcomes. Long work hours and specific job roles were associated with higher stress and anxiety levels. The study underscores the need for tailored interventions to address the mental health challenges faced by HCWs, promote supportive workplace environments, and enhance the quality of healthcare delivery in the Al-Baha region.

Abstract : Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to public health imposing significant health and economic burdens on healthcare system and patients. Routine clinical microbiology laboratory data provide a profile of the susceptibilities of specific bacteria to antimicrobial agents for monitoring and responding to emerging antimicrobial issues. Data can be utilized to help in the selection of empirical therapy by selecting the most appropriate antibiotics and also for environmental (HAI) surveillance. Although Antimicrobial stewardship programs focus on antibiotic prescribing practice, it is supported by an understanding of local antibiotic susceptibility trends, which in turn depends on the availability of a reliable medical microbiology laboratory resource.

Abstract : Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a serious cardiovascular condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite established risk factors, including obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and chronic illnesses, public awareness of PE remains limited, particularly in Saudi Arabia. Assessing knowledge, risk factors, and awareness is critical for guiding preventive interventions and educational strategies. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted among 548 participants from various regions of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, respiratory symptoms, lifestyle factors, and PE awareness. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize categorical and continuous variables, and chi-square analysis assessed associations between knowledge and participant characteristics. The majority of participants were aged 21–40 years (73.8%) and female (74.5%), with most holding university-level or higher education (70.3%). Reported health conditions included hypertension (2.0%), heart disorders (4.9%), obesity (11.9%), asthma (7.8%), and smoking (5.7%). Prolonged immobility was reported by 47.6%, and 20.6% reported exposure to environmental pollutants. Respiratory symptoms were noted, with 36.9% experiencing shortness of breath at least occasionally during physical activity, and 43.1% reporting concern about breathing difficulties. Only 34.1% of participants had prior knowledge of PE, with the internet and social media being the most common sources of information (34.1%), followed by courses or lectures (10.4%). Awareness of risk factors was variable; age (82.8%) and treatment availability (78.6%) were most recognized, while knowledge of prevention strategies (33.2%) and lung function testing (14.2%) was limited. Chi-square analysis revealed that age, educational level, and family history of PE were significant determinants of PE knowledge (p < 0.05). Overall, 82.3% of participants demonstrated inadequate knowledge of PE. Public awareness of pulmonary embolism in Saudi Arabia is limited, despite the presence of identifiable risk factors in the population. Digital platforms are the main source of information, highlighting the potential for targeted online educational interventions. Strategies focusing on increasing awareness, promoting lifestyle modifications, and integrating PE education into public health programs are urgently needed to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.