Search Results

Abstract : Lumbricus rubellus has been widely used in the treatment of various diseases due to its proven antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and other properties. To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of Lumbricus rubellus. This systematic review is reported based on eligibility using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies were retrieved from four databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Cochrane Library) between 2015 and 2025. We used Review Manager 5.4.1 and the National Institute of Health (NIH) Study Quality Assessment Tool to assess the quality of each study. We report anti-inflammatory effects of Lumbricus rubellus extract either orally or non-orally in both human and animal subjects compared to a control group that did not receive Lumbricus rubellus extract. We identified eight articles assessing anti-inflammatory effects. The total number of patients included was 83 mice, 7 subjects with atopic dermatitis, and 1 cell culture. One article assessed edema score, one article assessed osteoclasts, one article assessed interleukin-31 (IL-31), two articles assessed interleukin-6 (IL-6), one article assessed IL-10, and two articles assessed TNFα and NFκB. All articles showed significant differences between the groups given Lumbricus rubellus extract and the control group, indicating that Lumbricus rubellus has a reliable anti-inflammatory effect. Lumbricus rubellus can be used to manage patients with inflammatory diseases.

Abstract : Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease in which epidermal barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation are closely interconnected. In recent years, clinical guidelines and mechanistic studies have increasingly emphasized that impairment of the skin barrier is not merely a secondary phenomenon but a central driver of disease persistence and relapse. Consequently, emollient-based skincare is now regarded as a fundamental component of therapy rather than a cosmetic adjunct. Filaggrin plays a pivotal role in epidermal barrier integrity. Its deficiency-resulting from loss-of-function variants in the FLG gene or secondary suppression driven by type 2 inflammation-leads to reduced levels of natural moisturizing factor (NMF), increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL), altered stratum corneum pH, lipid-processing disturbances, and enhanced penetration of irritants, allergens, and microorganisms. These changes contribute to a self-amplifying cycle in which inflammation further impairs barrier function, thereby sustaining disease activity. This narrative review summarizes current evidence (primarily from 2023–2025) on epidermal barrier dysfunction in AD, with particular emphasis on the role of filaggrin and its clinical consequences. In addition, it discusses the practical relevance of emollient-based skincare across different disease phases and patient phenotypes, highlighting adherence and patient education as key determinants of long-term treatment success.

Abstract : Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic, multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface characterized by loss of tear film homeostasis, ocular symptoms, and structural as well as functional alterations of the corneal and conjunctival epithelium. Increasing evidence indicates that chronic ocular surface inflammation represents a central element in the pathogenesis of DED, acting both as an initiating factor and a mechanism sustaining disease progression. This inflammatory process is closely associated with tear film hyperosmolarity, activation of innate and adaptive immune responses, and neurosensory abnormalities. Recent comprehensive reviews emphasize inflammation as a unifying mechanism linking tear film instability, immune activation, and neurosensory dysfunction across different subtypes of dry eye disease. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of current knowledge regarding inflammatory mechanisms involved in dry eye disease, with particular emphasis on molecular and cellular inflammatory pathways, clinically relevant biomarkers, disease phenotyping, and contemporary as well as emerging anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies. The review is based on a targeted analysis of the literature published from 2020 onward and focuses on practical implications for the diagnosis and management of patients with dry eye disease. Improved understanding of inflammatory mechanisms in dry eye disease has direct clinical relevance, enabling earlier identification of patients who may benefit from targeted anti-inflammatory therapy and supporting a more individualized, mechanism-based approach to disease management.

Abstract : Individuals with refractive errors are most commonly found having convergence insufficiency (CI) but in order to know its relationship with the myopia, research is needed. For this purpose this study was conducted at the Ophthalmology Department of Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar to investigate the rate of occurrence of CI in patients having myopia and also to find whether increasing myopis plays any role that cause measurable changes in convergence function. It was a cross-sectional study that analyzed 61 myopic patients by assessing their refractive and binocular vision evaluation, near point of convergence (NPC) and positive fusional vergence (PFV) in detail. SPSS version 26 was used for the data analysis. 31.1% of the patients was found to have CI with more frequency present in those who have higher level of myopia (ranging from 22.2% in mild cases to 41.7% in high myopia cases). This relationship was statistically analyzed which was insignificant ((χ² = 1.72, p = 0.42). On comparison of patients with CI and without CI, the former showed considerably regressed NPC and lower PFV than the later one (p < 0.001). These outcomes suggests that in patients with myopia, CI being the most frequently present and hence it must be evaluated regularly during clinical examinations. Therefore, coexisting visual issues that are usually undiagnosed can be identified by integrating binocular vision assessment into standard myopia evaluations.

Abstract : Aesthetic procedures are an integral component of contemporary dermatology and aesthetic medicine. Despite continuous technological advances and growing clinical experience, these procedures remain associated with a risk of cutaneous complications. The traditional classification of complications into infectious, vascular, and immunological categories, although useful from an educational perspective, often proves insufficient in daily clinical practice due to the frequent overlap of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, particularly in complex or delayed presentations. This narrative review aims to present an integrated approach to cutaneous complications following aesthetic procedures, based on key pathogenetic axes including microcirculatory disturbances, chronic inflammation frequently associated with bacterial biofilm, and direct tissue injury. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of point-of-care ultrasonography as a tool for prevention, diagnosis, and management of complications, with a clear distinction between its diagnostic and procedural applications. A narrative review of the literature published between 2021 and 2025 was conducted using the PubMed and PubMed Central databases. Current clinical guidelines, systematic reviews, and clinically relevant case series were included. Based on qualitative synthesis, a descriptive clinical management algorithm and a tabular overview of common complications with diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations were developed. Cutaneous complications following aesthetic procedures are multifactorial and rarely result from a single pathogenic mechanism. An integrated etiopathogenetic framework provides greater clinical utility than traditional classifications. Proper patient selection and the implementation of point-of-care ultrasonography should be regarded as essential components of safety standards in contemporary aesthetic medicine.