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Abstract : This randomized controlled trial is aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiographic success of endodontic treatments in necrotic primary molars when cinnamon oil (CEO) and triple antibiotic paste (TAP) were applied as an intracanal medicaments compared to pure calcium hydroxide (CH). The study sample consisted of 60 necrotic second primary molars in 56 children aged between 4-7 years, these cases were allocated randomly into three groups: Group 1 (experimental, n=20): CEO was applied as intracanal medicament, Group 2 (experimental, n=20): TAP was applied as intracanal medicament, and Group 3 (control, n=20): pure CH was applied as intracanal medicament. The pulp cavity was accessed in the first session and the root canals were prepared using K-files, irrigation was done using 5.25%, sodium hypochlorite, and then the final irrigation was done with saline, then one of the three studied intracanal medicaments was applied. In the second session, the intracanal medicaments were removed using 5.25%, sodium hypochlorite and saline irrigation, the root canals were filled with zinc oxide and eugenol, then cavity was filled with glass ionomer and stainless-steel crowns were used as the final restoration. Clinical and radiographic follow-ups were done within 3,6,12 months. The three intracanal medicaments used in this study (CEO, TAP, and calcium hydroxide) showed good clinical and radiographic results. There was a total of five failure cases (1 in CEO group, 1 in TAP group and 3 in CH group), without any statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). Both CEO and TAP intracanal medicament groups showed a higher clinical and radiographic success rate (94.7%, 94.4%) respectively than CH intracanal medicament group (84.2%). Both CEO and TAP can be applied as intracanal medicaments in endodontic treatments of necrotic primary molars.

Abstract : Nigella sativa is an important medicinal plant found in several countries and used in folk medicine. Extract standardization is a crucial step in ensuring the quality and consistency of herbal extract used in medicinal therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical content on the Nigella sativa extract and the antioxidant activity. DPPH methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Colorimetric methods were used to evaluate the secondary metabolite of the extract. Heavy metal contents, mineral and element contents were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The thymoquinone content were analysed by HPLC. All the standardization methods used were based on the Indonesia Herbal Pharmacopeia and the General Standard Parameter of Extract. The 70% alcohol extract prepared with seed collected in Tawangmangu, Central Java, Indonesia. The yield of Nigella sativa extract was 1.34%, total acid-soluble ash content was 0.68%, Cd content 0 ppm, Pb content 0.09 ppm, and Cu content 0.02 ppm. The ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa contained alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids related to the biological activities which are important to corroborate the different uses of this species. Interestingly, under HPLC analysis the content of thymoquinone was high around 6.96 mg/L of Nigella sativa extract. In addition, Nigella sativa extract has medium antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 908 ppm. The antioxidant activity is frequently associated with the high number of phenolic compounds found in these plants. In conclusion, the present physicochemical studies reveals that the Nigella sativa could be a potent source of antioxidant agent.

Abstract : Obesity is one of the causative agents in progression of many diseases as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and others. It may be considered as one of the danger factor increasing the morbidity and death rate during Covid-19 pandemic. The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between obesity and its associated biochemical mechanisms in patients with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. To assess if obesity increases the severity of Covid-19 or not; 80 individuals (40 male and 40 female) aging (35 – 40 years old) suffered from Covid-19 with different body weight (normal and obese) were enrolled in this study. Estimation of blood pressure, leptin hormone, pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, glycemic indices and lipid profile were performed to differentiate and understand the biochemical abnormalities between normal and obese survivors. Obesity increased levels of blood pressure, un-preferred lipid fractions, fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, leptin hormone and pro-inflammatory cytokines in both male and female subjects with significant decrement in anti-inflammatory cytokine content in comparison with normal weighed survivors (p≤0.05). Obesity worsen the biochemical changes in survived individuals in comparison to normal weighed ones and this may increase the mortality and morbidity of Covid-19 pandemic among obese persons.

Abstract : Although irrigation is one of the most important stages during root canal treatment, it is not possible to guarantee the entry of irrigants to all the areas in the root canal, especially in the apical third. Therefore, the activation of irrigants can stimulate and help the irrigants to access hard-to-reach places within the root canal system. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the penetration depth between sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) gel and solutions into dentinal tubules after ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and mechanical activation with the XP- endo Finisher instrument. The study sample consisted of 40 single-canal teeth, which were randomly divided into the following four equal groups according to the activation method used and Sodium hypochlorite type: group 1 (n = 10), Ultrasonic activation for Sodium hypochlorite solution (USS), group 2 (n = 10), Ultrasonic activation for Sodium hypochlorite gel (USG), group 3 (n = 10) XP-endo Finisher activation for Sodium hypochlorite solution (XPS), and group 4 (n = 10) XP-endo Finisher activation for Sodium hypochlorite Gel (XPG). Afterward, dental crowns were cut to standardize the working length by 16 mm and were then prepared using the ProTaper Next system up to size F3. Moreover, the irrigant was activated for each group separately, and the teeth were sectioned horizontally for coronal, middle, and apical thirds. The penetration depth of irrigants into dentinal tubules was measured in micrometers by viewing the bleached crystal violet under a stereomicroscope at ×20 magnification., images have been transferred to the Adobe Photoshop program, and dye penetration depths were measured. Data were analyzed using the One-way Anova and Bonferroni tests. PDSH in USS was greater than USG (p = 0.015), PDSH in USG was also lower than XPS (p = 0.001) and XPG (p = 0.001) in the coronal third. PDSH in XPS was greater than USG (p = 0.0102) in the middle third. PDSH in USS was greater than USG (p = 0.000) and XPG (p = 0.004), PDSH in USG was lower than XPS (p = 0.000) and XPG (p = 0.040) in the apical third. sodium hypochlorite solution is superior to sodium hypochlorite gel in the depth of its penetration into the dentinal canals when activated by ultrasonic, and the XP-endo Finisher activation was similar in irrigant penetration within the root canal system, especially in the apical third, when compared with ultrasonic activation. However, the sodium hypochlorite solution was similar to sodium hypochlorite gel in the depth of its penetration into the dentinal canals when activated by XP-endo Finisher activation in the apical third.

Abstract : Systemic diseases showed a clear impact on the various organs of the body, prompting many researchers to study their impact and complications, and one of these diseases is diabetes mellitus, which affects the nerves and peripheral vessels. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of diabetes mellitus on the nutrient canals in the oral cavity through digital periapical radiography and the relationship between which nutrient canals appearance and the incidence of diabetes mellitus. This study included 75 patients with diabetes mellitus and 75 healthy patients attending either the oral medicine or endocrinology departments. The study objectives and work procedures were explained, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients who participated in the study. The random blood sugar test was made for all participants, and a periapical radiograph was taken for the anterior region of the mandible. Data were analyzed with a chi-square test. An increased frequency of NCs in DM patients (64%) with a significant p-value (p=0.000) was observed. However, this study could not establish any association between the prevalence of nutrient canals with gender. This study suggested that a higher frequency of NCs on mandibular anterior, and IOPAR may be employed as an ancillary screening and investigative support in underlying systemic disorders.