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Abstract : Many researches about obesity are to use experimental animal model by providing various diets with various types and compositions to obtain models of obese animal. The aim of the study was to induce animal model obesity, with the standard diet, high fat diet and high fat diet modified. This study used 18 white rats of the Wistar strain, divided three groups, and fed for nine weeks. Before feeding, all rats were measured their body weight, abdominal circumference, and body length. We measured body weight every week, while body length and waist circumference were measured every two weeks. After nine weeks of diet, all rats were subjected to injection of Ketamine and examined for metabolic markers. There was a continuous increase in body weight in the three groups of rats. Still, there was no significant difference in weight gain in the three groups of rats (p>0.05). There was a significant increase in body length and abdominal circumference in the standard and rat groups with a modified high-fat diet (p<0.05), the laboratory examination showed that there were no significant differences in blood glucose and creatinine levels in the three groups but there were significant differences in cholesterol, urea levels in the standard and high-fat diet groups (p<0.05). Giving an excellent standard diet, a high-fat diet, and a modified high-fat diet for nine weeks can result in a continuous increase in body weight by providing significantly different anthropometric examination values on body and abdominal length examinations as well as laboratory results that show differences in neutrophil values, cholesterol, and urea in the three sample groups. It is still necessary to do further research on this obese animal model regarding the content of the diet given and the period of the diet.

Abstract : Epilepsy is considered the second most prevalent central nervous system condition; affecting 65 million people globally. Teachers' epilepsy attitude, knowledge, and beliefs were found to have an instant influence on learning outcomes among epileptic students, development of social skills, also making friends. The aims of this study are to assess beliefs and attitudes among primary school teachers toward epilepsy in children; in addition, to identify the relationship between the teachers’ beliefs & attitudes and their some demographical characteristics such as (age, gender, educational level, and years' experience). A descriptive study has been carried out at primary schools for teachers in Kirkuk city from the period 24th October 2020 to 30th May 2022. A non-probability “Purposive-Convenience sample” had been consisted of (40) primary schools teachers. The instruments of the study consists from four parts; Assessment of the subject’s characteristics that include (8) items; General information of teacher regarding epilepsy: This part consists of (3) items; Specific information of teacher regarding epilepsy: This part consists of (6) items; and Adult Version of the Epilepsy Beliefs and Attitudes Scale (EBAS) was developed to assess teachers' beliefs and attitudes regarding epileptic children which include (42) items. The data are collected through the (self-administered) interview with the study sample. Data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version (22). The descriptive statistical measures (Frequency, Percentage, & Mean), the inferential statistics (Chi-square, t. test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) were applied. The majority of the studied group according to age group is between (40-49 years), most of them were female, graduation from teachers preparing institution, most of them were married, and having more than 16 years of experience as a school teacher, and most of them were from urban residency. All of them hadn't any participated previously in a training course about epilepsy. According to the study's findings, the most of primary school teachers hold negative attitudes and beliefs toward epilepsy in children; and there was no significant relationship between teachers' beliefs and attitudes toward children with epilepsy and socio-demographic characteristics were chosen. The study recommends a comparative study should be design in urban and rural areas on beliefs and attitudes of primary school teachers concerning epilepsy in children.

Abstract : School-based violence is one of the most visible forms of violence against children. School violence is pervasive, affecting a sizable proportion of adolescents and children in every country. It is mainly done by peers, on other hand teachers and other school personnel may also commit it. The aim of present study is to assess the attitudes of primary school teachers toward school violence and find out the relationship between teachers' attitudes with regard to demographic characteristics. A descriptive design was implemented through the current study with to assess the attitudes of primary school teachers toward school violence from September 15, 2020 to May 10, 2022. The researcher created an attitudes that includes (18) items to reach the study objectives. A purposeful, non-probability sample of (80) primary teachers was selected so that the data are representative and accurate. The sample size (80) teachers divided into two groups. The selected teachers were equally distributed to two groups (study and control) (40) participants per group. The results of the study showed that the study and control groups had negative attitudes toward school violence. Demographic characteristic including: Age, marital status, and educational level affected their attitudes toward school violence. Study and control groups had negative attitudes toward school violence due to lack of experiences to deal with this specific critical situation. Demographic characteristic including: Age, marital status, and educational level affected their attitudes toward school violence.

Abstract : To evaluate the effectiveness of 1% cysteamine, 3% Tranexamic Acid, 4% Niacinamide and 2% Galactomyces ferment filtrate serum in treating epidermal melasma patients. The design study of this paper is a pretest-posttest clinical trial. The 1% cysteamine, 3% Tranexamic Acid, 4% Niacinamide and 2% Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate serum was applied on both malar area and left overnight. Melasma on the frontal area was left untreated. Five follow-up sessions were performed on a biweekly basis, with parameters for hyperpigmentation measured using Chromameter, Mexameter and mMASI score. Data acquired were processed using paired T-Test, one-way Anova and Wilcoxon in SPSS 27. The study was conducted at Hasanuddin University Hospital and Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Makassar, South Sulawesi Indonesia from April-June 2021. Participants: 27 female patients with epidermal melasma on the malar and frontal region. A total of 27 female patients with epidermal melasma on the malar and frontal regions who met the inclusion criteria underwent a 7-week study between April-June 2021. A statistically significant increase in L* value was found between week-0 (W0) and W7 (p=.000), with improvement from W5 (p=0.005) to W7 being the most significant (p=0.000). Melanin index decreased after treatment but was statistically not significant (p=>0.05), as well as erythema index. There was a 54% decrease in mMASI score on treated areas between W0 and W7 (P=0.000). Approximately 11% of subjects (3/27) experienced pruritus and burning sensation during initial therapy. The combination serum showed promising depigmentation effect on epidermal melasma patients with minimal side-effects.

Abstract : Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a commonly encountered middle ear infection. Empirical use of anti-microbials for treatment of CSOM although effective, but at times, may contribute to development of anti-microbial resistance. The present study was conducted to know the antibiogram of aerobic bacteria isolated from CSOM. This was a cross-sectional, prospective study conducted in North Karnataka region from October 2021 to May 2022. The sample collection, transportation, identification of organisms and antibiogram was done using standard guidelines. Out of 124 samples, microbial growth was observed in 109 cases (65%), while no growth was seen 15 (28%) cases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common organism isolated (45.7%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (32.5%). Highest resistance of Staphylococcus aureus was seen with Ampicillin (54.7%), Ciprofloxacin (52.3%) and Erythromycin (52.3%). 100% sensitivity was seen with Teicoplanin, Vancomycin and Linezolid. Highest resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was seen with Ciprofloxacin (62.7%), Levofloxacin (92.3%), Cefpodoxime (49.1%) and Gentamicin (35.5%). No antibiotic was 100% sensitive to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative organisms causing CSOM showed resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Every hospital is different and so are its infections. Hence, antibiogram studies should be conducted at regular intervals to identify the changing trends in resistance to antibiotics. Based on the local antibiogram studies, all hospitals should have antibiotic policy which should be periodically updated so as to prevent indiscriminate use of antibiotics, complications of CSOM and emergence of multi drug resistant organisms.