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Abstract : Pharmaceutical materials are defined as chemical compounds used in the treatment, prevention and diagnosis of diseases, thus maintaining the physical and mental health of humans and animals alike. These pharmaceuticals, especially antibiotics, pose a threat to humans and the environment at the present time, as their increased use led to an increase in their concentrations in wastewater, which led to the emergence of a new environmental problem. Due to the conversion of Corona disease into a pandemic suffered by the whole world, the use of antibiotics has increased significantly, including the drug azithromycin. For this reason, it is certain that azithromycin concentrations have increased dramatically in domestic or hospital wastewater, which must be treated with maximum efficiency, to maintain public health and safety on the one hand, and to avoid the occurrence of more serious complications on the other hand. The current review article highlights treatment methods for one of the most important types of antibiotics used in the last two years, which is azithromycin.

Abstract : Thyroid cancer is one of the fastest increasing cancers in recent years, with a 14.51 percent annual growth. It has been demonstrated that there is a link between several biomarkers and thyroid cancer progression. The goal of this study was to look at Galectin-3 (Gal-3) and liver function test(LFT); (AST, ALT, ALP) values in thyroid cancer patients. In the current study, (A hundred and forty-five) participants were separated into three groups: Group1: (sixty malignant thyroid gland patients), Group2: (thirty-five benign thyroid gland patients), and Group3: (fifty healthy control individuals as a control group). From November 2021 to February 2022, the patients were treated at the AL-Amal oncology Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. Serum Gal-3 levels and liver function tests were measured in the study groups. Was to detection the levels of Galectin-3 levels biomarker and liver function test (AST, ALT, ALP) in serum of patients with thyroid tumor (malignant and benign) and compared to healthy as control, and measure by using ELISA techniques. The results showed that Gal-3 and LFT are significant difference in patients with malignant thyroid gland differ significantly from those in the control and benign tumor groups at (P<0.01). In the current research, Serum Galectin-3 levels were statistically higher in individuals with cancerous nodules than in benign and healthy controls. Furthermore, when compared to benign and healthy controls, LFT levels in patients with malignant nodules are statistically significantly higher.

Abstract : End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a permanent deterioration of kidney functions and a life-threatening condition without dialysis or transplantation. Diabetes mellitus may result in diabetic nephropathy, the main cause of ESRD. We aim to delineate the ability of vitamin D (VitD), Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interleukin (IL)-10 in diagnosing ESRD patients and examine their impacts on insulin resistance. We employed 90 participants distributed as healthy control (n=33) and ESRD patients (n= 57). We measured serum levels of IL-10, GM-CSF, VitD, albumin, insulin, glucose, creatinine, blood urea, phosphate ion, and uric acid. We found significant differences between ESRD patients and healthy control in serum levels of VitD, IL-10 and GM-CSF. There are significant correlations between kidney biomarkers (creatinine, blood urea and phosphate ion) and VitD and IL-10 but no significant correlation with GM-CSF. VitD was significantly correlated with IL-10 and GM-CSF. Receiver operating curve (ROC) curve and AUC analysis showed that VitD (sensitivity = 81.8 %, specificity = 79.9%, concentration=9.239 ng/ml), IL-10 (sensitivity = 75.4 %, specificity = 75.8%, concentration=7.419 pg/ml) and GM-CSF (sensitivity = 66.7 %, specificity = 64.6%, concentration=121.011 pg/ml) were significant diagnostic biomarkers in ESRD patients. ESRD is accompanied by increased inflammatory markers, namely IL-10 and GM-CSF, along with decreased VitD. Altered levels of the latter biomarkers could be a diagnostic tool for ESRD.

Abstract : High lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is consider as an independent risk factor for Acute vascular ischemic events (e.g.: Myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke). However, Prior data from other large, population-based cohort studies have been conflicting on coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke, with some studies linking elevated Lp(a) levels to a higher incidence of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke whereas others have not found any association. Lp(a) had been measured for patients < 65 years of age presenting with myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke to cardiology and neurology departments in Mansoura University Hospitals, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, during the period from June 2020 to May 2022. Logistic regression model was used to determine the independent association of clinical characteristics with elevated Lp(a). A total of 103 patients were screened for Lp(a); 71.8 % males, mean age 50.7±7.9 years. Median Lp(a) levels were 26.3 mg/dl (interquartile range [IQR] 2-74). Elevated Lp(a) > 30 mg/dL was observed in 41.7% and associated with younger age with acute vascular ischemic events specially MI (48%). In a multiple logistic regression model, Family history of premature AVSE (MI & ischemic stroke) (odds ratio [OR] 3.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-8.6, p = 0.01), younger age (< 45years) (p = 0.048) were independently associated with elevated Lp(a) in all cases of AVSE, in MI cases Family history of premature of CAD was more significant associated with high levels of Lp(a) (odds ratio [OR] 20.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-174, p = 0.001), younger age (p=0.016). In contrast, Lp(a) levels were not associated with other traditional cardiovascular risk factors in all cases of MI as a subgroup. Young and middle aged patients < 65y years presented with acute vascular ischemic event (MI and stroke) were independently associated with elevated Lp(a), especially in patients with MI, young aged and with FH for premature acute vascular ischemic event.

Abstract : Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. Neutrophil extracellular traps play an important role in SLE pathogenesis and may induce the production of autoantibodies against carbamylated proteins (Anti-carP). To measure serum Anti-carP levels in SLE patients and investigate its role in association with disease activity and severity. The study was conducted on 40 SLE female patients and 40 matched healthy controls. All patients were subjected to full history taking and clinical examination. Disease activity was assessed by SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI), Swollen to tender joint ratio (S/T) used to assess joint activity and disease severity was assessed by Katz score. Serum level of Anti-carP was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and correlated with disease activity, severity scores, S/T and hand and wrist ultrasonographic findings. Mean age of patients was 33.78±9.1 years (18-50 years), with a mean disease duration of 6.68±6.02 years (0.17-30 years). Anti-carP serum levels, was significantly higher in patients compared to controls (p <0.001). Regarding disease activity, it was significantly higher in active patients compared to inactive ones (p <0.001). Also, it was higher in patients with high disease severity compared to low disease severity (p <0.001). Serum Anti-carP levels showed significant positive correlation with both SLEDAI and KATZ scores (r=0.726, 0.773 and p <0.001 respectively). However, no relation was found between Anti-carP level and clinical or hand wrist ultrasound findings suggestive for arthritis. Serum Anti-carP showed no association with arthritis in SLE patients in this work. However, increased Anti-carP was associated with high disease activity and severity in patients with clinical manifestations other than arthritis. Anti-carP could be a marker of disease activity and severity in SLE.