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Abstract : The success of endodontic treatment is dependent on triad endodontic. The endodontic instrument has tendency to leave amount of smear layer after its use. Therefore, irrigation becomes fundamental to ensure the cleaning. The goal of this research is to observe the differences among files toward smear layer production and the most effective activation method. Twenty-four single canal mandible premolars were decoronated in the cementoenamel junction and root canal treatment followed. The teeth were divided into four groups: Group A (sample was prepared using F-One Blue and activated using sonic frequency (EDDY)), Group B (sample was prepared using F-One Blue and activated using subsonic frequency (EndoActivator)), Group C (sample was prepared using TruNatomy and activated using sonic frequency (EDDY)) and Group D (sample was prepared using TruNatomy and activated using subsonic frequency (EndoActivator)). All teeth were cut longitudinally then examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). SEM results were scored using double blind method. One-way ANOVA test showed there were differences in the removal of smear layer. Post Hoc LSD test showed there was significance difference between group B and group D; also between group D and group A. The other groups showed no difference statistically. It was concluded that all preparation and activation methods will leave the smear layer in root canal system whatsoever. Preparation of root canal using F-One Blue file, irrigated using 2,5% NaOCl and activated using sonic frequency (EDDY) showed the best smear layer removal. Study on activation method showed no significance differences between EDDY nor Endoactivator.

Abstract : Post-endodontic pain can occur due to periapical tissue injury by mechanical, chemical and microbial factors. Many methods including cryotherapy were introduced to reduce post-endodontic pain, therefore this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of intracanal cryotherapy on reducing post-endodontic pain. The studied sample consisted of 30 root canal treatment in 15 patients aged between 22-49 years, they were allocated randomly into two groups: Group 1 (n=15, Experimental) root canal treatment in one session and final irrigation with sterile cold (2.5 ° C) saline delivered to 3 mm short of the working length for 5 minutes, and Group 2 (n=15, Control) root canal treatment in one session and final irrigation with sterile room temperature saline delivered to 3 mm short of the working length for 5 minutes. Post-endodontic pain was evaluated using visual analogue scale (VAS) after 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours of root canal treatment. Data were analyzed using independent t-test. A statistically significant difference between the cryotherapy and control groups was found after 6, 12, 24, 48 hours of the treatment (p<0.005), while no statistically significant difference was found between the two studied groups after 72 hours of the treatment. Intracanal cryotherapy using sterile cold (2.5 ° C) saline for 5 minutes as a final rinse can significantly reduce the post-endodontic pain.

Abstract : The elimination of obturation materials in endodontic retreatment is one of the mandatory steps to achieve an optimal disinfection process. The utilization of bc-coated gutta-percha with bioceramic sealer can enhance adhesion, thus increasing the difficulty during endodontic retreatment procedures. The use of non-linear motion files such as XP-Endo Finisher can improve the cleanliness level of the root canal walls. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of XP-Endo Finisher in eliminating obturation materials consisting of bioceramic coated gutta-percha and conventional gutta-percha with bioceramic sealer in endodontic retreatment. Twenty-four single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth that met the inclusion criteria were endodontically treated up to the obturation stage, followed by an endodontic retreatment procedure. The teeth were divided into four groups: Group A (bc-coated gutta-percha group prepared with ProTaper Retreatment), Group B (conventional gutta-percha group prepared with ProTaper Retreatment), Group C (bc-coated gutta-percha group prepared with ProTaper Retreatment and XP-Endo Finisher), and Group D (conventional gutta-percha group prepared with ProTaper Retreatment and XP-Endo Finisher). All teeth were longitudinally split into buccal and lingual, and the dentinal walls were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at the apical third of the root canal. The obtained data were subjected to One-way ANOVA statistical analysis, followed by a post hoc LSD test. The results of the One-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference in the cleanliness level of the root canal walls among all the groups. The Post Hoc LSD test revealed a significant difference among all the groups except for Group A compared to Group C. The elimination of bc-coated gutta-percha is more challenging compared to conventional gutta-percha. The supplementary use of XP-Endo Finisher enhances the cleanliness of the root canal walls during endodontic retreatment procedures.

Abstract : The recent rapid worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 has established a pandemic of potentially serious disease in the highly susceptible human population. Key issues are whether humans have pre-existing immune memory that provides some protection against SARS-CoV-2 and whether SARS-CoV-2 infection generates lasting immune protection against reinfection. The adage that ‘natural infection gives better immunity than vaccination’ have been held as a long-standing belief, including among health professionals. As for SARS-CoV-2, the superiority of vaccine-based immunity has been proven in immunogenicity studies of frontier vaccine candidates: post-vaccination antibody assays showed higher neutralizing anti-S-IgG compared to that of convalescent plasma. The first case, a 34-years-old woman, confirmed COVID-19 for the 2nd times, asymptomatic; RT PCR result confirmed SARSCoV-2 and the spike RBD result was positive (1786 U/mL). The second case was a 35-years- old woman with cough, rhinorrhoea, sore of the throat for a weekand history of fever a week ago. This is the 2nd times she got COVID-19.RT PCR result confirmed SARSCoV-2 and spike RBD result was positive (15.940 U/mL). The third case was a 39-years-old woman with diagnosed COVID-19 for the 2nd times. She came with common cold, headache and previously had history of fever for 2 days. RT PCR confirmed SARSCoV-2 and the spike RBD result was positive (3538 U/mL). All of them are health care worker in a hospital and had been got vaccine for Sinovac 2 dose and Moderna as a booster. COVID‐19 reinfection does not carry a higher risk of severe disease. The mechanism of reinfection is not clear. Viral evolution might favour reinfections and spike mutations, particularly in the receptor binding domain (RBD) in coronavirus infection. Further studies are required especially with the continuously newly emerging variants with the unpredictable risk of reinfection.

Abstract : Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Awareness of the population about the risk factors of CVDs is important for them to adopt a healthy life style and prevention of these diseases. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness of primary health care visitors in Buraidah, Saudi Arabia about risk factors of cardio-vascular diseases. A cross sectional study was conducted among visitors of primary health care centers in Buraydah, Saudi Arabia. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire in Arabic. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS version 23.0 Descriptive analyses were done calculate frequencies and proportions of categorical variables, while mean with standard deviations were calculated for continuous variables. T-test and ANOVA (or Mann Whitney U- and Kruskal-Wallis tests) were used to compare awareness levels with respect socio-demographic characteristics. A total of 348 participants were included in the analyses About 73% of the participants were male, and majority (97%) were Saudi nationals. Most participants (99.2%) and recognize smoking as a risk factor for developing CVD. Similarly, a significant proportion of participants (97.4%) acknowledge that regular physical activity can reduce the risk of CVD. Total mean score of knowledge out of 11 was 9.71 ± 1.53. Age, gender and education were significantly associated with knowledge score. There was high level of awareness about the cardio-vascular risk factors among general population in Buraydah, Saudi Arabia which was associated with socio-demographic characteristics. Clinicians must consider the factors which affect the knowledge during health education and counselling. Further large-scale studies to draw generalizable findings are needed.