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Abstract : Dental plaque is the cause of gingivitis, namely inflammation of the gums and tooth decay or dental caries. Therefore it is necessary to detect dental plaque, by using a solution material that can color the dental plaque. The solution is beets and red dragon fruit as natural and safe ingredients. The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of beetroot solution and red dragon fruit solution to identify dental plaque by the Quasy Experimental research design. The sample of this research is 142 people, randomly selected, then divided into two groups. Each of 71 people used beetroot solution and 71 people used red dragon fruit solution. Then the dental plaque index was observed. The results showed that the Mann Whittney test showed that the plaque score of the beetroot solution was higher than the plaque score detected by the dragon fruit solution. The plaque index score detected by applying beetroot solution was higher than the plaque index score detected by red dragon fruit. but there are weaknesses in the beetroot solution, which tastes uncomfortable. Beetroot solution is more effective as a plaque detection solution compared to red dragon fruit solution. Meanwhile, the taste for bits is less comfortable. It is recommended to do further research so that it can be used by the community comfortably.

Abstract : One way to prevent dental and oral diseases that many people use is to control plaque chemically using mouthwash. Anti-bacterial mouthwash, both chemical and herbal, has the ability to reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria in the mouth. From previous research, the use of 0.20% Chlorhexidine mouthwash twice a day for 7 consecutive days causes disruption of the balance of the oral microbiome. This situation reduces the production of Nitric Oxide in saliva which involves nitrate reducing bacteria, resulting in an increase in blood pressure of 2-3.5 mmHg. The aim of this study was to prove the side effects of mouthwash on changes in the oral microbiome which disrupt the Nitrite Pathway and cause changes in blood pressure. This research involved 12 adult samples divided into two groups, namely six people using Chlorhexidine and six people using betel leaf herbal mouthwash. All samples involved were aged 17-30 years, healthy and had no history of hypertension. Samples were asked to gargle twice a day for 21 consecutive days. The Two Way Anova test produced a p value of <0.05 indicating an effect on blood pressure from the use of Chlorhexidine mouthwash and Betel leaf herbs. The highest systolic increase occurred on day 3rd, from each sample group, with Standard Deviation DS=5.34 & CHX=8.52. The average sample experienced an increase in blood pressure of ± 3-5 mmHg. These results show that Chlorhexidine mouthwash and betel leaf herbs have an effect on the balance of the microbiome in the oral cavity, weakening nitrate-reducing bacteria so that it can cause an increase in blood pressure.

Abstract : Dental implants are considered the first option for restoring edentulous arches. However, many factors can affect implant placement in the maxillary posterior region, such as alveolar bone resorption, expansion of the maxillary sinus and low bone density. Various techniques have been introduced to address these challenges, including the use of short implants, pterygoid implants, zygomatic implants and vertical grafting by elevating the floor of the maxillary sinus. In particular, maxillary sinus lifting is considered a reliable procedure for providing vertical dimension to facilitate successful implant placement in the posterior maxilla.

Abstract : Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a common disorder in Saudi Arabia. Stromal Oedema owing to leakage of aqueous humour through a tear in Descemet's membrane (DM) is charachtaristic of acute corneal hydrops, and has been reported in cases of PCG. The question do these eyes react differently after this. Wether the inheritance of acute DM break in acute corneal hydrops or the eyes reacts differenetly from congenital glaucoma seems uncertain. In this report, we describe a case of a 13-day-old child who presented with a diagnosis of possible unilateral corneal ectasia. He had keratoglobus and corneal hydrops in the right eye, no significant prenatal/postnatal history, and positive consanguinity. His right eye had normal intraocular pressure, enlarged horizontal corneal diameter, and elongated axial length with no view of the fundus. Examination of his left eye showed possible glaucoma (low hyperopia), despite normal intraocular pressure. Genetic testing confirmed a homozygous CYP1B1 mutation (G61E). This case sheds light on the varied presentations of patients affected by the CYP1B1 mutation.

Abstract : This study was aimed to evaluate the biomarkers used to mark the formation of reparative dentin on an exposed pulp following application of combination of herbal extracts with Ca(OH)2 as a potential pulp capping material. Databases are obtained from PUBMED, Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect for the last 10 years from 2013 to 2023. The keywords used to search for electronic articles are: (herbal extract OR natural product OR natural medicine) AND (direct pulp capping) AND (reparative dentin). Screening of full-text articles included in the systematic review based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. A structured Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome of the review was as follows: Population: formation of reparative dentin; Intervention: combination of herbal extracts and Ca(OH)2; Comparison: Ca(OH)2; Main Outcome: biomarkers. The study selection process was included in the data using PRISMA-2020. We assessed the risk of bias using SYRCLE's Rob tool. The search yielded a total of 8 articles that fulfilled the eligibility criteria. We found the biomarkers used to evaluate the herbal extract (cocoa pod husk, green tea, propolis, mauli banana stem) combined with Ca(OH)2 on the reparative dentin formation process, namely macrophage, NF-kβ, TNF-α IL-1, IL-8, IL-12, IL-6, IFN δ; IL-10, p38 MAPK, VEGF, TGF‐β, DMP-1, ALP and type 1 collagen. Studies showed that limited type of biomarker used to evaluate the effect the herbal extract combined with Ca(OH)2 as the potential pulp capping material on the process of reparative dentin formation. Further studies should be directed to evaluate other biomarkers to asses reparative dentin formation.