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Abstract : Cathepsins are the sarcoplasmic proteins which originates from the lysosomes, also known as the lysosomal protease. They have a significant role in the intracellular homeostasis like in the energy metabolism, immune response, intracellular protein dehydration and coagulation. Through this study we aim determine the association between Cathepsin D (CATHD) activity and the parameters which leads to cardiovascular diseases. Multiple parameters which are linked with the heart diseases were examined in the study. The following factors included, total cholesterol (TC), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Creatine kinase (CK), Triglyceride (TG), Very low density lipoprotein (vLDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), arylesterase and cathepsin D (CATHD). A positive correlation between the TGs and atherosclerosis was observed. In addition to it, atherosclerosis was found to be linked with elevated levels of, Total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL. While in case of cardiac diseases, elevated levels of ALT, CK, CATHD and LDH were seen.in the healthy individuals the levels of CATHD were more in females as compared to males, and more in nonsmokers as compared to smokers.

Abstract : Rheumatoid arthritis is represented as a healthcare challenge in the hospital setting due to their stubborn response to therapy and the unavailability of curable agents. The conventional therapy (methotrexate, (MTX) and prednisolone) was claimed to be associated with a high failure rate; therefore the addition of a third agent could be a wise approach to improve patients' daily activity and reduce the inflammation. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to add hydroxychloroquine as an add-on therapy to conventional therapy and investigate its role in modulating inflammatory markers {Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukins (serum IL-1β, serum IL-6β), serum Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)} compared to control group using conventional therapy alone without hydroxychloroquine. The results confirmed that the measured parameters improved in the tested group versus control represented by highly significant improvement in group I in inflammatory markers ESR, CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α as compared with group II and group III, hydroxychloroquine improved inflammatory markers when added as an add on therapy to the conventional therapy of rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract : Inflammatory cytokines like IL-18 and anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-37 are both involved in the etiology of ESRD and comorbidities including hypothyroidism. Despite the fact that Subclinical Hypothyroidism is common in people with chronic kidney disease, little is known regarding the clinical signs and implications of this ailment in patients with end-stage renal disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of Interlaken-18 (IL-18) and Interlaken 37 (IL-37) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and to establish the prevalence of hypothyroidism (both subclinical and overt hypothyroidism) in patients with ESRD. In the study, 598 hemodialysis patients of both genders were included. This study included 104 male and female hemodialysis patients (82 with subclinical hypothyroidism and 22 with overt hypothyroidism) and 60 healthy people as a control group. All participants' venous blood was drawn in the morning while they were fasting (8 hours) and subjected to clinical evaluation and laboratory testing. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique was used to quantify serum IL-18 and IL-37 in all of the study participants. When compared to the control group, the prevalence of IL-18 and IL-37 was higher in Subclinical Hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism (p≤0.001). Early diagnosis of Subclinical Hypothyroidism, which was discovered in 23% of patients with ESRD, may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and the progression of kidney disease, according to the study. In ESRD patients with hypothyroidism, blood levels of both IL-18 and IL-37 are significantly elevated. In overt hypothyroidism, serum IL-18 and IL-37 levels are higher than in subclinical hypothyroidism.

Abstract : Modern and retrospective scientific literature on the issue of one of the additional interventions in in vitro fertilization was analyzed. There is an increase in infertility around the world, so many patients resort to assisted reproductive technologies. A history of unsuccessful in vitro fertilization occurs in 10-30% of women. The main goal in reproduction at the moment is to increase the likelihood of successful implantation of the embryo after transfer to the uterine cavity. Endometrial scratching is an additional procedure carried out in preparing a woman for in vitro fertilization. The reviewed studies have conflicting data. The issue of using scratches on the endometrium to increase the implantation capacity of the endometrium requires detailed study. This review summarizes the available data on the effectiveness of endometrial scratching.

Abstract : The objective of this research was to determine the histopathological effects of a local strain of Toxoplasma Gondii isolated from fetuses of aborted ewes on the eyes and brains of rat fetuses. T. Gondii diagnosed in the fetuses of aborted ewes. Inject near 100 tissue sacs of Toxoplasma intraperitoneal into 20 pregnant rats in the first week of gestation. The cyst of T. Gondii and its influence on the rat's fetus eyes and brains were investigated histopathologically using light microscopy on their eyes and brains. On histopathological analysis of the eye tissue of parasite-infected rat fetuses, the result of the ocular cerebral toxoplasmosis model is seen. The presence of necrosis of the outer germinal layer and the inner layer in the newborn eye of the Toxoplasma infected group. The toxoplasma-infected group's brain reveals focal glial cell aggregation (Gliosis), vacuolar degeneration, severe cytogenic edema, liquefactive necrosis, and gliosis in the cortex of the cerebrum. rat's fetuses can be utilized as a model for congenital ocular cerebral toxoplasmosis, and they can also be used as a model for toxoplasmosis after 18 days of pregnancy, according to the findings of this study.