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Abstract : The COVID-19 pandemic that is currently occurring is causing a mental health crisis not only in young adults but can occur in the elderly, limitations in terms of access and health care facilities, reduced contact with family or relatives, lack of social interaction has the potential to develop into psychological problems, not being impossible could further become a more serious mental issue. Ideally the elderly are more mature than other age groups in dealing with problems related to psychology, but in fact the overwhelming burden of psychological pressure can affect the mental of the elderly. The most difficult situation faced by the elderly since the pandemic occurred is the result of not having sufficient resources to handle the stress and psychological pressure they experience, here the role of medical personnel is to focus and be involved in the importance of a non-pharmacological approach that is more effective than just pharmacotherapy. in the management of mental emotional disorders related to this pandemic situation. Seriousness and assistance from various parties and related elements is needed. The roles of family, health workers, government, and the elderly as objects are obliged to work together to overcome mental and psychological burdens that arise.

Abstract : Gonorrhoea is a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) that affects men and women, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae which is transmitted through mucosal secretions. Although considered as an STD, in rare cases, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) can also be affect extragenital locations such as the rectum or anorectal. The increasing number of cases of anorectal gonorrhoea among men is likely due to the patient being bisexual or homosexuals. The presence of gonorrhoea at any site also increases the risk of transmission and the risk of becoming infected with HIV. Laboratory diagnosis of gonococcal infection depends primarily on the identification of NG in the infected site by microscopic examination of staining, culture, or by genetic detection of the organism. Treatment of anorectal gonorrhoea is similar to urogenital gonorrhoea therapy where combination of antibiotic therapy is still the first line treatment. This paper reports a case in a 26-year-old male patient diagnosed with anorectal gonorrhoea in an HIV patient who showed clinical improvement with single dose Azithromycin 2 g monotherapy for 4 weeks.

Abstract : Refractive errors are common globally with an estimated number of 2.3 billion people suffering from impaired vision secondary to uncorrected refractive errors. This study aimed to estimate a piece of proper evidence about the overall prevalenceof refractory errors within the kingdom. A process of collection of relevant key words was conducted followed by database search. All data were analyzed with R software version 4.0.2. Using a “meta” package. The event rate and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the prevalence of refractive errors in the study. The sample size was 16850 individual with the highest sample size was 5176 and the lowest one was 162. The male prevalence in our sample was 55%. All the included papers were published after 2010 and were of fair quality. Eleven studies of 12,121 individuals reported the overall prevalence of different refrative erros. The pooled overall prevalnce rate was 27.28% (95% CI= 18.29-40.69) (Figure 2A); ranging from 4.55% to 72.20% among individual studies. This wide range of the reported prevalence rates was evident with a significant heterogenity among the included studies (I2= 99%; P-value< 0.001). A huge part of the high rates might be attributable to medical students. Moreover, myopia was the most common refractive error followed by astigmatism and hyperopia.

Abstract : To evaluate and compare the radiopacity of zinc oxide eucalyptus as compared with zinc oxide eugenol as root canal filling materials for deciduous teeth. Acrylic plate like an arch was constructed, each one was 5 mm thickness, 2.2 cm broad, and 4.5 cm long, with 8 holes of 1 mm internal diameter. One of the tested materials was inserted into each hole. Then projected to digital x-ray device and then the opacity was calculated by Photoshop©. 10 acrylic plates were made to have 40 samples of each material Groups were made by filling zinc oxide eugenol in 4 perforations in the right and the other 4 perforations was filled by zinc oxide eucalyptus on the left side. The data indicated that the mean value of radiopacity of Zinc Oxide Eugenol groups (8.62±2.20) and Zinc Oxide Eucalyptus (4.55±3.49) are both acceptable endodontic materials from the radiopacity point of view. Additionally, Zinc Oxide Eugenol had significantly higher radiopacity than Zinc Oxide Eucalyptus. Zinc oxide eucalyptus has an acceptable radiopacity as a root canal filling material for primary teeth. Furthermore, zinc oxide eugenol is more radiopaque than zinc oxide eucalyptus.

Abstract : To compare PRF and PRF+BEGO-OSS® as bone augmentation materials in terms of bone level and bone quality. A split-mouth study on 12 patients to replace the missing upper first molar tooth. Twenty implants were inserted simultaneously with the sinus lift procedure. Augmentation was performed with PRF on one side, and PRF+ BEGO-OSS® on the other side. CBCT scans were taken for the included cases preoperatively and 4 months postoperatively. Both bone height and quality measurements were taken for the buccal, palatal, mesial, and distal sides of each implant. The level of bone gain was slightly higher on the PRF+ BEGO-OSS® side. However, the difference in bone gain between the treatment sides has not been statistically confirmed (P= 0.135). The bone quality increase was higher in both buccal and palatal areas in the PRF treatment sides. A bone quality decrease in mesial and distal surfaces was noticed on the PRF side. The difference in bone gain between the treatment sides has not been statistically confirmed (P= 0.135). Augmentation with (BEGO-OSS®) bone graft does not seem to add a significant value to the use of PRF in the maxillary sinus-lift procedure.