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Abstract : Animated videos are one of the easiest ways to play when the child receives a medicine injection via an intravenous catheter that might reduce pain response. This study aimed to determine the effect of animation video on pain response for 3-6 years old during injection medicine via intravenous catheters. The study employed a quasi-experimental pre-test - post-test design. The intervention group (n: 107) was provided with an animation video during intravenous therapy, and the control group (n: 106) received standard care. FLACC (r: 0.845) was used to measure behavioural pain response, while heart rate was used to assess physiological pain response. Animation video with content validity index (Aiken’s V: 0.86). There were statistically significant differences in pain response, behavioral pain response, and physiological pain response between the intervention group and the control group. Animation video intervention can be used to reduce procedural pain during injection medicine intravenous therapy.

Abstract : One of the most common oral procedures carried out every day in oral and maxillofacial surgery units is the surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. After the impacted mandibular third molar has been removed, postoperative morbidity is unavoidable. Alveolar osteitis, a painful, unhealed socket, is one of the most frequent surgical sequelae. By introducing and applying a new material inside the extraction socket, many researches were attempted to prevent the development of alveolar osteitis. This study aims to make a comparison between the effect of the locally applied Doxycycline and the systemic Doxycycline on the occurrence of alveolar osteitis after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. A randomized prospective clinical study was conducted on 50 patients who had undergone surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars under local anesthesia. The patients were distributed in 2 groups: Study group; included 25 patients treated by local application of Doxycycline inside the socket immediately after surgical removal of impacted tooth. Control group: consisted of 25 patients who received systemic Doxycycline one hour before surgical removal of impacted tooth. Alveolar osteitis was evaluated on the 2nd and 7th day after surgery. There was a significant reduction of alveolar osteitis in the study group in comparison to the control group (p< 0.05). The local application of Doxycycline significantly reduces the incidence of alveolar osteitis.

Abstract : One of the most frequent procedures in oral surgery units is the removal of a partially or completely impacted mandibular third molar under local anesthesia and it directly affects the patient's quality of life. The aim of this study is to make a comparison between the effect of the locally applied clindamycin and the systemic clindamycin on occurrence of postoperative alveolar osteitis following surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. Fifty patients who had undergone the surgical removal of an impacted mandibular third molar under local anesthesia participated in a randomized prospective clinical study. The patients were distributed in 2 groups. Study group included 25 patients treated with local application of clindamycin inserted inside the socket after surgical removal of impacted tooth, while control group comprised of 25 patients treated with systemic clindamycin one hour before surgical removal of the impacted tooth. The occurrence of alveolar osteitis was evaluated on the 2nd and 7th day postoperatively. Alveolar osteitis occurred on the 48 hours postoperatively. The total incidence of alveolar osteitis was 10%. The incidence of alveolar osteitis was more in control group (16%) when compared to study group (4%) and the difference was statistically significant. Local application of saturated gelfoam by clindamycin reduces the incidence of alveolar osteitis to a significant level when compared to systemic clindamycin.

Abstract : Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) arises due to combination of modifiable and non-modifiable. One of the modifiable risk factors is vitamin D concentration, which is associated with the incidence of T2DM and mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The aim of this study is to see the association between BsmI (rs1544410) and TaqI (rs731236) VDR gene polymorphisms with vitamin D status in T2DM patients in the city of Medan, Indonesia. 76 T2DM patients were enrolled in this study. The vitamin D levels are analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Genotyping of BsmI (rs1544410) and TaqI (rs731236) VDR gene polymorphisms are done with Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. In this study, 72.4% of T2DM patients have insufficient and deficient vitamin D status (35.50% and 36.9% respectively). Fisher's exact analysis of the association between vitamin D status with BsmI (rs1544410) and TaqI (rs731236) VDR gene polymorphisms is at p > 0.05, respectively. This study shows that genotype Bsm1 and genotype Taq1 are not associated with vitamin D status in T2DM patients.

Abstract : The drug-herb combination between metformin and bitter gourd needs further study of the benefits and risks. This study aims to explore metformin in plasma samples using the HPLC method and its pharmacokinetic profiles affected by the bitter gourd. This experimental method study with a post-test randomized controlled group design. Healthy albino rabbits were divided into three groups (n=3). They were administered with bitter gourd juice 100% (4 ml/kg BW) and metformin (BM1), bitter gourd juice 50% (4 ml/kg BW), and metformin (BM2), and metformin 26 mg/kg (M). BM1 and BM2 were given bitter gourd juice for 14 days, and then a single dose of metformin was given to all groups on the 15th day before metformin pharmacokinetic parameters were measured. Blood samples were collected from marginal ear vein punctures at 0, 10, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, and 480 minutes. The plasma was analyzed using HPLC methods, and the concentration vs. time was used for a 1-compartmental open model pharmacokinetics analysis. Bitter gourd juice with 100% (4 ml/kg BW) concentration decreased the V/F and CL/F, also increased Ka, T1/2, Cmax, MRT, and AUC0-inf, also significantly increased AUC0-480, and decreased Tmax (p < 0.05). The pharmacokinetic interaction of metformin and Momordica charantia L. is presumably because of the competitive interaction between phytochemical constituents of bitter gourd and metformin on the OCT and MATE transporter.