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Abstract : Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) implies the highest incidence of diabetic cases. T2DM is related to metabolic ailments in the pancreas, kidneys, liver, and intestines. To determine the impact of adherence to antidiabetic medication (ADMs) on glycemic control in T2DM patients. This cross-sectional study enrolled 245 participants (119 intervention patients and 126 non-intervention patients) with T2DM in Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq, from January to August 2021 through direct interviews using a special self-created questionnaire. Information leaflets and medication counselling were provided to the intervention group by the researcher. ADMs was evaluated using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale item 8 (MMAS-8). Also, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c%) were checked to assess glycemic control among the participants. The counselling program improved ADMs potentially as the rate of medium adherence increased significantly from 5.0% to 31.9% (p<0.001), with a significant perfection in glycemic control in the intervention group from 13.9% (before the intervention) to 21.8% (after the intervention) (p=0.039). However, there was no significant difference between ADMs and glycemic control (p>0.999). Patients’ education and medication counselling significantly improved ADMs and glycemic control in people with T2DM.

Abstract : Diabetic patients in Indonesia have poor self-care practices. Illness belief might affect diabetes self-care practice in Indonesia. However, up to date, the illness belief of Indonesian diabetic patients toward self-care is still unclear, and whether illness belief and its domains are the predictors of diabetes self-care practice in Indonesia is still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the illness belief and to assess whether illness belief and its domains are the predictors of diabetes self-care in the Indonesian context. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 625 T2DM patients from public health centers in Purwokerto City, Indonesia. A Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ) and Summary Diabetes Self-Care activities (SDSCA) were used to assess illness beliefs and diabetes self-care behaviors respectively. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the predictors of diabetes self-care behaviors. The scores of IBPQ domains (i.e., consequences, timeline, personal control, treatment control, identity, concern, understanding, and emotional response) were 5.00 ± 2.65, 4.84 ± 2.59, 6.16 ± 1.92, 7.21 ± 1.97, 5.00 ± 2.07, 4.91 ± 2.61, 5.31 ± 2.01, and 4.64 ± 2.51, respectively. The regression analysis showed the predictors of diabetes self-care behaviors to be consequences (p< .05), personal controls (p< .05), and duration of DM (p< .05). This study provides evidence that two domains of illness beliefs are predictors of diabetes self-care behaviors in Indonesia. The domains are consequences and personal control. There is a need to design educational programs focusing on illness beliefs to improve diabetes self-care behaviors in Indonesia.

Abstract : Visceral leishmaniasis consider a great health problem in Iraq, the traditional antileishmanial therapies are toxic and most are costly. For this reason, new approaches in the treatment of leishmaniasis are requested, zirconia nanoparticles ZrO2NPs, is a nano-sized and hollow colloidal metal oxide, it was recorded as anticancer agent, the approach was to prepare 17.4 μg/ml of ZrO2NPs by pulsed laser ablation. These nanoparticles are described to confirm the shape, size and other physical properties of the crystal using the following techniques: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), results were indicated diffraction peaks at (28.2°, 31.5°, 38.5°, 50°, and 59.8°) were correspond to the (111, 111, 120,022 and 131), respectively. The Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) shown confirms the formation of nanostructures with granular size by 50 pulses of laser. The histological study included preparation of cross-sections of liver tissue of infected mice and dosed with ZrO2NPs, the results exhibited mild central venous congestion and mild sinusoidal dilation after 7th day of administration and normal appearance with a few infiltration of hepatocytes and small necrosis, hydropic degeneration after 21th day compared with control positive group which exhibited moderate central venous congestion, mild infiltration and the magnified sections revealed moderate cellular swelling and necrosis of hepatocytes after 7th day and became sever damage with multiple focal necrosis, sinusoidal dilation, and infiltration of inflammatory cells with disarrangement of hepatic cords and increased kupffer cell after 21th.

Abstract : The study was performed to evaluate the Epidemiological status of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Al-Kifil district /Babylon province during the period 1/9/2017 to 1/3/2018, 106 cases visited the Al-kifil general hospital and some private clinics in this district were studied. The infestation was diagnosed by dermatologist physician, The study was performed to evaluate the Epidemiological status of cutaneous leishmaniasis and evaluation some hematological parameter changes of infected persons with cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Al-Kifil city /Babylon governorate during the period 1/9/2017 to 1/3/2018 500 cases visited the Al-kifil general hospital and some private clinics in this city were studied. The infection was diagnosed by dermatologist physician, all similar cases to cutaneous leishmaniasis were excluded. 106 positive case with cutaneous leishmaniasis were examined from patient with the disease referring to Al-kifil general hospital and private clinics. The study revealed that the percentage of infection with cutaneous leishmaniasis was 21%. The percentage of infection with the CL was 40% with the age 1-14 year and 10% with age 15-40. Male were more infected with the disease (65%) than female (35%). Rural area were more epidemic with this disease (55%) in comparing with area near Al-kifel city (25%) and inside Al-kifil city (20%) respectively. Arms and legs were more exposed to infection (60%) with ulcer than head (40%). Multiple ulcer represent more prevalence in the body (60%) comparing with the single (40%). Wet ulcer were more prevalent in incidence of infection (83%) in the Al-kifil community in comparing with dry ulcer (17%). Venous blood was drawn patient with cutaneous leishmaniasis for determination of some blood parameter (hemoglobin, pact cell volume, platelet, white blood cells, eosinophil cells, lymphocytes, neutrophil cells, and neutrophil/ lymphocyte ratio) and IgM, IgG, and IgA. The mean level of Hb and PCV was significantly decrease in patient with cutaneous leishmaniasis (Hb=12.05), (PCV=23.68) in comparison with the control group, while there was an increase in (platelet=269000, WBC=6500, eosinophil=0.26 k/l, lymphocyte=0.35 k/l, neutrophil=5.71 k/l, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio=2.23). The result also revealed a significant decrease in (IgG,=0.3 g/l, IgM=0.25 g/l) respectively but no change in IgA value was notice.

Abstract : Anal fistula is a common harmful and irritating anorectal condition. It is a chronic abnormal narrow tunnel communicating between the epithelial surface of the anal canal and the perianal skin. This study aimed to determine the anatomical and histological findings of the resected fistulous tract following fistulectomy in Mosul city. Fifty fistulectomy specimens following fistulectomy operation were collected from the Department of General Surgery in Al-Salaam Teaching Hospital. The work was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Mosul. The included cases are both adult male and female in the age group of 15-60 years. The biopsies will be fixed for more than 24 hour in 10% neutral buffered formalin then tissue processing, sectioning as well as staining with hematoxylin and eosin for histological analysis. Half (50%) of patients were in the age group between thirty and forty years and male were predominantly affected more than female. Chronic nonspecific inflammation with neutrophils infiltration was the predominant histological finding. Foreign body type of giant cells lining the fistulous tract was observed in 6% of cases, the fistulous tract was surrounded by non caseating granuloma in 12% while 10% of cases showed fistulous tract lined by stratified squamous epithelium surrounded by granulation tissue. The blood vessels appeared congested and dilated in 10% of cases while inflammatory cells infiltration and interstitial hemorrhage were observed in 6% of patients. Fistula in ano affects male than female with more incidence in the middle aged individuals, histopathological evaluation is obligatory to determine the underlying pathogenesis and the plan of management.