Abstract : Herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) is double stranded enveloped deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus, they utilize cell metabolic mechanism for their replication. Herpetic gingivostomatitis is the primary presentation during the initial infection of HSV . Aphthous ulcer are the most popular oral mucosa lesion in the prevalent population. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an analytic biochemistry assay to detect the discover a ligand in a sample of liquid using antibodies directed versus to the ligand to be measured. To show the prevalence of HSV-1 among patients with aphthous stomatitis and gingivostomatitis and correlate with gender, age in comparison with healthy control and to detect the HSV-1 antibody in saliva by (ELISA) assay. Ninety patients with HSV-1 with aphthous stomatitis and gingivostomatitis and sixty five control children were included in this study. Serum samples were taken from all participants (patients and control) and HSV-1 IgG and IgM Ab examined by ELISA assay. The results of our study showed that HSV-1infection in children affect both gender with a high prevalence in male more than female. In ELISA assay, the positive HSV-1 Ab was found high significant differences between patients and control groups among age groups. The HSV-1 IgG and IgM investigation by ELISA test allow a rapid and specific procedure for detection of HSV-1 previous infection. HSV-1 IgG and IgM Ab prevalence more in 5-6 years group. HSV-1 infection in children found to be associated with many factors such as stress, clinical symptoms revealed by the children, nutritional deficiencies and children’s educational status.